suffocation and hemorrhaging. The queen's bedroom was packed with courtiers watching the birth, and the doctor aiding her supposedly caused the excessive bleeding by accident. As a result of this harrowing experience, the queen banned most courtiers from entering her bedchamber for subsequent labors. Meanwhile, the queen began to institute changes in the customs practiced at court such as the abandonment of heavy make-up and the popular wide-hooped panniers for a more simple female look, typified first by the rustic robe à la polonaise and later by the simple